Luminous Prisms Luminous Prism Co New York NY, ca.1900, 42p Rakow Research Library, Corning Museum of Glass ~8MB: pdf

Location:

• 27-29 South Clinton, Chicago
• 102 Superior, Cleveland, Ohio · 1899 Cleveland City Directory
• 520 Olive, St. Louis · 1900 Gould's
• 604 Broadway, New York · 1900 Moody's
• 730 Chestnut, Philadelphia · 1900 Boyd's

Timeline:

• 1894-1900
• Shut down by Luxfer's lawsuit; New York Prism Co started up shortly after with Androvette as president.

GEO. E. ANDROVETTE & Co 27-29 CLINTON St, CHICAGO STAINED GLASS WORKS Architectural Record 1895-96 via USModernist

Geo. E. Androvette & Co:

• Advertising said Luminous Prism Co was successors to Geo. E. Androvette & Co, but their existence overlapped. They also had the same Chicago address, and Androvette was listed as a director of Luminous Prism Co.
• "Androvette George E. ornamental glass, S. Clinton, nw. cor. Jackson, T. 4085" —A. N. Marquis & Co.'s Handy Business Directory of Chicago · 1886-1887
• "Stained Glass. ANDROVETTE GEO. E. & CO. Clinton sw. corner Quincy" —Chicago City Directory · 1889
• "Stained Glass Makers. Androvette Geo E 139 E Lake Chi'go" —Directory of Architects · 1890
• "George E. Androvette & Co. established their leaded glass works on Quincy and Clinton streets. Beveled plate glass, set in lead and copper frame, is one of their specialties." —Industrial Chicago · 1891
• "The Linden Glass company signed the agreement of the Lead Glaziers' and Glass Cutters' Union yesterday. The Wells Glass company, George E. Androvette, Chicago Art Glass company, H. M. Hooker, Camp Glass company, and H. Sherhart, seven of the largest firms in this city, have also granted the union's demands. The men employed in William Ebert's shop at No. 546 West North avenue were called out and stopped work yesterday morning. The Eugene Glass company at No. 1305 Michigan avenue, which employed fifty men, still refuses to accede to the union's terms." —Chicago Tribune · May 6, 1892
• "Group 95. Stained Glass in Decoration. 274. Androvette, Geo. E., & Co., Chicago. Decorative glass. Gal. F-13 596. Domestic and ecclesiastical glass workers. Memorial windows, brasses, etc. Beveled plate glass set in a copper frame." —World's Columbian Exposition, 1893: Official Catalogue
• "GEORGE E. ANDROVETTE & CO. show in their exhibit some portrait work of a high order of merit. Messrs. Androvette & Co. have for some years past devoted special attention to ecclesiastical work, and have brought this art to such perfection that their products are in demand in every part of the country. Their exhibit shows some recent designs in this line that are very creditable. In their treatment of opalescent glass they are particularly skillful. The peculiar brilliancy of that glass admits of the most pleasing treatment in the shading and blending of colors, to produce either floral, pictorial or landscape effects without the aid of painting. The art is thus seen to be practically limitless. It requires only the skill of the artist and the long study such as Messrs. Androvette & Co. have devoted to it to produce the best possible results." —The Inland Architect and News Record · Volume 22, Issue 3, September, 1893

Ads:

IS your Store or Office Dark? Luminous Prisms will change the condition. They CARRY DAYLIGHT. It costs nothing to investigate. Telephone us or send card, and we will survey your premises and submit proposition, guaranteeing results as represented. Luminous Prism Co. 709 Mohawk Building, 160 5th av. Telephone—2816 18th st. The Sun (NY) · April 4, 1898

Luminous Prisms WINDOW AND SIDEWALK LENSES FOR LIGHTING DARK INTERIORS BY NATURAL LIGHT TELEPHONE 4664 Luminous Prism Company 27 and 29 Clinton St. CHICAGO Handbook for Architects and Builders · 1898

Luminous Prisms LIGHT DARK INTERIORS LUMINOUS PRISM CO. 27-29 South Clinton Street, Chicago. Inland Architect and News Record · 1900

Notes:

• "Luminous Prism Company ... 27 South Clinton Street. Patent Lights." —Catalogue of the Seventh Annual Exhibition · Chicago Architectural Sketch Club · 1894
• "The Luminous Prism Company, of Chicago organized recently with an authorized capital of $1,500,000, has the following board of directors: Clarence L. Peck, George E. Androvette, Parry L. Wright, Alexander H. Revell, Albert R. Barnes, Jonathan W. Brooks, Lewis C. Straight and Ferdinand W. Peck. The Offices of the company are in the Chicago Stock Exchange building, and branch offices have been established in all the leading cities of the country." —Railway and Engineering Review · May 14, 1895
• "Androvette George E. (George E. Androvette & Co.) 27 S. Clinton, h. Evanston" and "Androvette George E. & Co. (George E. Androvette and Parry L. Wright) glass 27 [and 29] S. Clinton" —Chicago City Directory · 1896 and 1897.
• "The Luminous Prism Company, organized recently with an authorized capital of $1,500,000, have the following Board of Directors: Clarence I. Peck, George E. Androvette, Parry L. Wright, Alexander H. Revell, Albert R. Barnes, Jonathan W. Brooks, Lewis C. Straight and Ferdinand W. Peck. The offices of the company are located on the sixth floor of the Chicago Stock Exchange Building and the factory is at 27 and 29 South Clinton street, Chicago. They have established offices in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City and San Francisco. The company are meeting with unusual success in the introduction of their product. known as the luminous prism. which is manufactured under United States letters patent, dated 1891, owned by the company." —Iron Age · May 5, 1898
• "LUMINOUS PRISMS. Architects and builders, who have been from time to time nonplussed by their inability to obtain sufficient light in buildings, owing to various conditions, such as narrow streets and extreme depth of buildings, and especially in locations where the land value is a matter of great consequence, are requested to give their attention to the system of light production of the Luminous Prism Company, who have very recently opened a New York office at No. 160 5th avenue. The parent office of the company is in Chicago, and among its incorporators are included some of the leading business men of that city. Convinced of the large field for the consumption of their goods, growing out of the necessity for the supplying of more light in the larger buildings of this city, they have established their eastern agency at the above address. Mr. J. F. Blanchard is the resident eastern agent, and he is prepared at all times to submit drawings and estimates to architects and builders for the introduction of their system. The company, in its method, take advantage of the natural laws of the transition of light from one transparent medium to another through the use of refracting prisms, which are made with various angles, by means of which they are able to direct the light on any desired plane. The prisms do not create light, but intensify, concentrate and direct it from one point to another. The company claims many advantages from the use of its system, among them economy and the superiority of natural light, with its healthful properties, over that of electricity or gas. They own their patent rights, and, with their superior facilities for manufacture, are in a position to produce the best results." —Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide · Volume 61, March 26, 1898
• "THE GREAT EFFECTIVENESS OF LUMINOUS PRISMS. A decidedly good illustration of the results obtainable in using the new luminous prisms, manufactured by the Luminous Prism Company, Chicago Stock Exchange building, is to be seen in the Security building, southeast corner of Madison street and Fifth avenue. The second and third floors of the Security, two of the best floors in the building, and adapted for use by financial institutions or large corporations, have been fitted with luminous prisms. The effect is daylight in every part of the entire floor and every foot of space is now available for office use, a condition which did not prevail before. A great saving in the expense incurred in using electric and gas lights will thus be made. The Luminous Prism Company are prepared to turn out work promptly and efficiently, and a request by telephone or otherwise will bring a competent representative to estimate for the proper lighting of any premises desired." —The Economist · Volume 19, April 30, 1898
• "THE NEW LIGHT. One of the most marvelous triumphs of applied science is shown by the Luminous Prism Company in successfully lighting by the use of their window prisms the two darkest rooms in the Security building at Madison street and Fifth avenue. The construction of the Elevated Loop line station building and platform on Fifth avenue cut off the light almost entirely from the second and third floors, causing the tenants to vacate them on account of their somber condition. Now all this is changed, and by means of Luminous Prisms, set in wrought-iron frames outside of the windows, a most brilliant illumination is obtained, doing away entirely with artificial light during business hours. The light delivered is of a beautiful clear white color and great intensity, but it is so evenly distributed throughout the entire interior that there is no glare or strain on the eyes. This is a notable example of the application of old and well-known principles to practical uses, and the cost of installation is brought down to a point where it is no longer a luxury enjoyed by the few, but is now within the reach of everyone who desires more light. A visit to the Security building, or to the Luminous Prism Company's offices, 601-608 New Stock Exchange building, will well repay the trouble." —The Economist · Volume 19, May 7, 1898
• "WHAT LUMINOUS PRISMS DO—AND HOW THEY DO IT. Luminous prisms carry daylight into dark areas, thus at once doing away with artificial light during business hours, which alone effects an economy that in a short time offsets the original cost. In a word, Luminous Prisms save health and money and increase comfort and rentals. This splendid result is obtainable through the use of the natural law of refraction, as the Luminous refracting prisms are made with various angles by means of which light is directed on any desired plane. Any inquiry directed to the main office of the Luminous Prism Company, 601-608 Stock Exchange building, will receive prompt attention." —The Economist · Volume 19, May 14, 1898
• "MARVELOUS EFFECTS OF LUMINOUS PRISMS. The comparative merits of daylight as against artificial light are practically illustrated by the remarks of various parties for whom these prisms have been placed. H. C. Metcalf, of the Metcalf Stationery Company, 86 Wabash avenue, says: We find it saves us practically all the gas we formerly used on the sixth floor, and over one-half on the first floor, besides which the daylight enables us to judge of tints and colors of stock and ink, as we were unable to do before, and the effect upon the eyes of our work people is no longer trying as formerly. Cameron, Amberg & Co., 71 and 73 Lake street, say: Natural light being the most desirable in a printing room, it pleases us very much to know that we can cut off nearly half of our artificial light. This insures better work, and saves considerable in the light bill, both important items with us. Important installations of Luminous Prisms are now being made in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Indianapolis and other cities." —The Economist · Volume 19, May 21, 1898
• "NEW METHODS OF LIGHTING DARK INTERIORS. A notable illustration of the value of the new methods of lighting dark interiors is shown in the two stores occupied by Harry Berger & Co., 154 and 150 Dearborn street, which have recently been installed with luminous prisms by the Luminous Prism Company, 601-608 Chicago Stock Exchange building. It will be apparent to a casual observer that the principles involved in the luminous prisms have superior lighting qualities to any other prism glass. It will be seen that the light is beautifully and evenly distributed over the entire room, and that during daylight hours the need for artificial light is obviated. It should be considered that the rental value of any store of this character would be largely enhanced by this superior method of lighting, and that the textile goods intended to be shown in this store will show their shades and colors exactly as they are. This is not the case with artificial lighting." —The Economist · Volume 19, June 11, 1898
• "Daylight vs. Darkness. A new window or window shade has been placed in the front of the Thorn-Halliwell Cement Company, No. 107 East Tenth street, and it attracts much attention. It is a window made of refracting prisms by the Luminous Prism Company, of Chicago. These prisms represent the highest science of light. Advantage Is taken of the natural law of refraction and by an ingenious arrangement of angles in the surface of the glass the light is thrown to various parts of the room, changing the dark corners to light ones. The advantage of daylight over any other kind of light is known to everyone. It is the cheapest, the best, the healthiest. Luminous prisms have solved the problem of lighting dark offices and basements. The effect is almost startling when the darkness changes to light as the prism shutters are opened or closed. Those who are interested in solving the light or dark question can obtain information at No. 107 East Tenth street, where visitors are welcomed." —Kansas City Journal · June 15, 1898
• "Luminous Prisms. To be conducted into a dungeon like cellar, grope about in the dark, and suddenly to find it illuminated, not by gas or electricity, but by pure rays of light reflected from the sky, seems somewhat astonishing, yet this is what a representative of The Insurance Press experienced when be visited the exhibit of the Luminous Prism Company, 604 Broadway. The effect was not produced by the opening of a shutter but by the simple pulling of a cord and suspension at an angle of the modern reflector—a combination of brilliant squares of light.
  
  These prisms are coming into more general use every day. Fire insurance companies will be interested to learn that the reflector is composed of squares of glass with the double prisms on the surface, which can be replaced separately at very small cost." —The Insurance Press · June 22, 1898
• "IMPORTANT TO OWNERS AND TENANTS. The attention of owners and tenants is called to the new methodsof illuminating dark interiors as shown in the stores occupied by Morrisson, Plummer & Co., 200 Randolph street, Cameron, Amberg & Co, 73 Lake street, and Bullard & Gormley Co., 78 Randolph street, which have been recently installed with luminous prisms by the Luminous Prism Company, 601-608 Chicago Stock Exchange building. The luminous prisms have had the effect of transforming the formerly dark interiors of these stores into light and commodious quarters. The light is evenly distributed over the entire space, and during the daylight hours the need for artificial light is obviated. Owners will both greatly enhance the rental value of their property and decrease the cost of lighting by the use of luminous prisms." —The Economist · July 23, 1898
• "Light in the Darkness. Luminous prisms are in demand. Owners of old buildings and architects of new ones are realizing the fact that a ray of light cast upon the luminous prisms down an air shaft or basement however deep will turn a dungeon-like room or cellar into a delightful sunlit apartment. This is no exaggeration. Luminous prisms save gas and electric light. The Manhattan State Hospital, Christ Hospital in New Jersey, and the Ellis Island Hospital are to be fitted with luminous prisms. Scientific medical men recognize the necessity of light for the patients of the hospitals. Light is life and health, and luminous prisms will give it as well as increase the value of property and reduce the gas bills." —The Insurance Press · September 28, 1898
• "Luminous Prisms. The Bank of Montreal and the offices of Mr. James Brown Potter have lately been fitted up with prisms—luminous prisms.
  
  A representative of THE INSURANCE PRESS called at Mr. Potter's office to examine the prisms and learn by ocular demonstration the modus operandi by which these prisms gather the sunlight to reflect it into rooms and comers hitherto dark and dismal.
  Mr. Potter was evidently well pleased with the effect of the prisms, and proved to our representative that when the prisms were not in evidence at the windows his offices are dark enough to render gas or electric light a necessity. When the prisms are in place, however, the change is marvelous. Neither gas nor electricity is necessary; instead, a flood of beautiful sunlight pours in and makes every corner bright as day. There are no dazzling rays, but a soft white light, exceedingly pleasant in its effect.
  There, said Mr. Potter, You see the effect betwixt prisms and no prisms. They make a great improvement here, as you can judge for yourself. Now, go and examine those in the Bank of Montreal on the ground floor.
  This our representative did, and found the effect even greater, on account of the larger number of prisms.
  These luminous prisms can be utilized with wonderful effect in the lighting up of basements, cellars and rooms, where the direct rays of the sun cannot penetrate. By their use property can be greatly increased in value apart from the consideration of health, comfort and economy." —The Insurance Press · October 26, 1898
• "Gee Allison W. mngr. Luminous Prism Co. 102 Superior, r. 166 Huron" —Cleveland City Directory · 1899
• "The Lindeke Land Company's building on Robert st. will have a full sidewalk equipment of Luminous Prism Company's glass, and will secure by their aid sufficient daylight in the basement to read a newspaper 100 feet back. They are also to have the Luminous Company's high grade prism glass in the show window transoms. Herman Kretz & Co., architects." —Improvement Bulletin · Volume 20, September 23, 1899
• "Luminous Prism Co ... [Incorporated in state of] West Virginia ... [Date when certificate of authority was issued] August 2, 1899" —List of foreign corporations who have authority to do business in the state of New York, 1901
• "LUMINOUS PRISM COMPANY—Incorporated under the laws of Illinois, in 1898, to manufacture prisms of all kinds. Capital authorized, $1,500,000. Par, $100. Officers and Directors: F. W. Peck, President; P. L. Wright, Treasurer; L. C. Straight, Secretary; C. I. Peck, G. E. Androvette, J. W. Brooke, A. R. Barnes, A. H. Revell. Office, 604 Broadway, New York." —Moody's Manual of Industrial and Miscellaneous Securities · 1900
• "Luminous Prism Co., 520 Olive" —Gould's Commercial Register (business Directory) of the City of St. Louis · 1900
• "Luminous Prism Co, 27-29 Clinton st", "Females over 16 years: 1", "Males over 16 years: 28" —Annual Report, Illinois. Dept. of Factory Inspection · 1900
• "The contract for the art for Emmaus Lutheran church was let to the Luminous Prism Company, of Chicago, their bid being $900." —The Fort Wayne Evening Sentinel · March 1, 1900
• "Luminous Prism Co, 730 Chestnut" —Boyd's Co-partnership and Residence Business Directory of Philadelphia City · 1900
• "George M. Webster and Thomas J. Parkes have registered as partners under the style of The Luminous Prism Co., Montreal." —Canadian Hardware and Metal Merchant · Vol. XXI, No. 1, January 6, 1900
• "Luxfer Company Making Luminous Prisms. The Luminous Prisms formerly manufactured for purposes of interior lighting by the Luminous Prism Company are now the property of the Luxfer Prism Company, whose Luxfer Prisms and their application to school-room lighting were described in the last School Board Number of The School Journal. With the Luminous Prisms goes the very interesting little pamphlet Natural Light for School-Rooms. This ought to be in the hands of every student of school hygiene. The subject is one of fundamental importance." —The School Journal · Volume 62, January 5, 1901
• "Luminous Prism Co. (dissolved) 473 W. B'way" —Trow's Copartnership and Corporation Directory of New York City · 1901

New mentions:

• "Meyer J. Sturm (1872-1954) was a nationally renowned specialist in hospital design and expert in the latest technologies for institutional buildings. He received a B.S. in Architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1896. In Chicago he worked as a draftsman and superintendent for various architects, then as chief engineer for the Luminous Prism Co. from 1898 to 1900. From 1900 to 1902 he was in partnership with Lawrence Gustav Hallberg, an architect of Swedish descent who later designed Augustana Hospital in consultation with Sturm." LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT · North Chicago Hospital Building · 2009 (PDF)
• Union Station (1001 Broadway, Nashville, TN): "The Luminous Prism Company, Chicago, Illinois, furnished and placed all the art glass in the dome, transom, and windows from special and appropriate color and design. The designer is not specified." —Historical American Buildings Survey · 2011 (NPS PDF)
• "From 1995 to 2002, the county spent $8.6 million, most of it from private donors, restoring the Allen County Courthouse — among other things, removing the damage inept artists had done to the murals far above the floor. ... In all, it will cost about $350,000 to make the repairs to the murals, created by Charles Holloway, who had won a gold medal in the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition, and to the windows, created by Luminous Prism Co., a direct competitor of Louis Comfort Tiffany." —The Journal Gazette · 2017

Paper:

• Luminous prisms: how and where they have served others and how they will serve you.
• Geo. E. Androvette & Co., 27-29 So. Clinton St., Chicago, Ill: Ecclesiastical Glass Designers & Makers of Memorial Windows, Either in Opalescent Glass Effects Or in the European Methods of Glass Painting (Google Books)

Stained Glass and Glass Mosaics:

LUMINOUS PRISM COMPANY SUCCESSORS TO Geo. E. Androvette & Co., DESIGNERS AND MAKERS OF CHURCH GLASS GLASS MOSAICS MEMORIAL AND FIGURE WINDOWS. MEMORIAL BRASSES SEND FOR PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING WORK IN PLACE. 27 and 29 South Clinton Street, CHICAGO, ILL. Living Church Quarterly · December 1, 1899

STAINED GLASS FOR DWELLINGS AND CHURCHES. The Best Work at Lowest Prices. LUMINOUS PRISM CO. Successors to GEO. E. ANDROVETTE & CO. 27-29 SO. CLINTON STREET, CHICAGO. Inland Architect and News Record · 1900

• See stained glass examples at the Michigan Stained Glass Census

  St. John the Evangelist First Congregational Church Olivet, Michigan · 1895 Photo: Michigan Stained Glass Census

• First Congregational Church, Olivet, Michigan
• Central Congregational Church, Galesburg, Illinois
  • "There are 75 stained glass windows ranging in size from 3 square feet to 1,080 square feet. They were made by the Luminous Prism Co. of Chicago, successor to the Geo. Androvette Co. The largest, of 1,080 square feet, fills the north wall of the auditorium. There are three sections with painted glass centers of lilies, grapes, palm fronds and passion-flowers. At or near the top the window are, from left to right, a dove, a crown and a sheaf of grain. The remainder of the window is comprised of small panes of varied colors and shapes. Also included in strategic locations are red and yellow jewels." —Construction of the Central Congregational Church Building
  • "Built in 1898 of Michigan red sandstone in the Richardson Romanesque style, Central Congregational Church, located one block north of Standish Park, was placed on the National Register on Sept. 30, 1976. The church covers nearly a quarter of the block and its bell tower rises to 137 feet. It has 75 stained glass windows ranging in size from 3 square feet to 1,080 square feet, made by the Luminous Prism Co. of Chicago. The largest window has three sections and fills the north wall of the auditorium." —The Construction of Central Congregational Church (archive.org)
• St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Rome, GA
  • The Guardian Angel Window / Located in the Church / Given in 1898 by Mr. W. A. Knowles, in memory of Mrs. May H. Knowles / Made by Luminous Prism Co., Chicago, IL at a cost of $225 / Twice partially destroyed by storms / Present window made entirely new in 1910
  • The Perkins Window / Located in the Church / Given in 1898 by Mrs. John N. Perkins family / Made by Luminous Prism Co., Chicago, IL at a cost of $52 / Inscriptions on windows - John N. Perkins & Mary E. Perkins
  • The Resurrection Window / Located in the Church / Given in 1898 by the congregation and others in memory of Rev. W. C. Williams, D.D. / Made by Luminous Prism Co., Chicago, IL at a cost of $52
  • The Underwood Window / Located in the Church / Given in 1899 by Mrs. M. A. Nevin and sisters / Made by Luminous Prism Co., Chicago, IL at a cost of $65 / Inscriptions on windows - John W. H. Underwood, Mary W. Underwood, William H. Underwood
  • Windows by Geo. E. Androvette at St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Rome, Georgia: The Ascension Window, The Eastman Memorial Window, The Graves Memorial Window, The Walton-Knight Memorial Window, The West Memorial Window.
  • Other windows are mostly by:
    • Lyn Hovey Studio, Inc., Boston, MA; also Quaker City Stained Glass Co., Philadelphia, PA, Empire Art Glass Co., Atlanta, GA, H. M. Hooker Co., Chicago, IL, Agnew Myers Studio, Menlo, Georgia, Otto Jungk

GLASS-WORKING AS AN ART. BY GEORGE E. ANDROVETTE. THE art of working in stained glass is one for which a renaissance is claimed for the present century. It must be confessed that, with the increased variety of sheet glass now at the command of the artist, the possibilities are greater in pure mosaic work. DECORATIVE WINDOW — A ROMAN CHARIOT RACE The exhibit of GEORGE E. ANDROVETTE & Co., Chicago, at the World's Columbian Exposition The Inland Architect and News Record · 1893 The earliest glasswork were pure mosaics. From these the progress of glass painting may be traced through a history of slow development to a culmination of great splendor in the fifteenth century. From this there was a decline, owing to the mistaken attempts to assimilate this art to other branches of painting. All this goes to prove glass-working to be an applied art, and too evident attempts at realism must surely result in a deterioration of the art as a mosaic, and it is only as a mosaic that any promises of a renaissance in America is in evidence. It is principally through the discovery and adaptation of the opalescent and shaded glass, by Mr. La Farge, that great possibilities have been opened to the artist in this method of work. The greatest obstacle, however, at present is the excessive use by the American public of a low grade of ornamental glass-work. This demand has induced a large number of persons, having no knowledge of art, to enter into the manufacture with the inevitable result of a lively competition to produce cheap work, and, consequently, lower the standard from an art to that of a mechanical process. This, necessarily, precludes the employment of the best artists, who find remunerative exercise for their talents in other arts. As the art of glass-working has been the least written about, and is the least known of all decorative arts to the general public, it would seem that the proper method to elevate the art would be to educate the people as to what is proper and correct in this branch, as has been done in painting, tapestries, and other forms of decoration. This can best be done by viewing examples of good work done under the various processes. Much also can be done by making glasswork more of a subject of description, as is done in other branches. It is true that there are but few competent writers on the subject, as both the technical knowledge and descriptive ability are demanded. It is believed, however, that as the modern newspaper caters to the demand of the public for information and criticisms on literary, dramatic and art work, descriptions and criticisms on glasswork would be acceptable. Without making this an encyclopedic article, a few ideas are here outlined : Believing, first, that the mosaic glass composed of small pieces of various colors and shades inherent in the glass so selected, arranged and joined together as to form a complete picture is a true treatment of glass, yet it is admitted that many parts demand the use of the brush, such as the illustrating of the flesh and draperies of figures, architectural accessories, etc. A combination of the European system of glass painting in the composition of the picture demanded can be well framed in ornamental accessories in the mosaic style. To those, however, who demand the realism of a mural painting, a subject may be wholly painted. There are two ways of doing this : First, to paint on clear glass, using enamel colors of various tints. (This is what was done in the decadence of the old glass painting.) Second, to first select the colors of glass needed to emphasize the various parts of the work. Then to paint them by applying one color uniformly and afterward removing this color by degrees so as to develop the high lights and exposing the natural colors of the glass, thus producing lights and shades to any desired degree. This last seems the true method of glass painting, and best develops the colors inherent in the glass itself. The Inland Architect and News Record · Vol. XX, No. 6, page 16, 1887

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